1.
A44
RIG
A certificated master parachute rigger who applies for an additional type rating must pass which of the following?
A) A written and practical test for each type rating sought.
B) A practical test for each type rating sought.
C) A written test for each type rating sought.
2.
A44
RIG
What is the age requirement for an applicant to be eligible for a parachute rigger certificate?
A) At least 18 years of age.
B) At least 21 years of age.
C) At least 18 years of age for the Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate and at least 21 years of age for the Master Parachute Rigger Certificate.
3.
A44
RIG
Which statement is correct in reference to the test requirements for a Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate when the applicant is an eligible military rigger?
A) Pass a written, oral, and practical test.
B) Pass a written and practical test.
C) Pass a written test.
4.
A44
RIG
If a certificated master parachute rigger applies for an additional type rating, how many (minimum) parachutes of the type for which he/she seeks a rating must he/she have packed?
A) 20 parachutes.
B) 100 parachutes.
C) 50 parachutes.
5.
A01
RIG
What requirements must be met by an eligible member of an Armed Force of the United States who applies for a Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate?
A) Pass an oral and practical test for each rating sought.
B) Pass a written test with respect to Federal Aviation Regulations.
C) Pass a written test, and an oral and practical test for each rating sought.
6.
A44
RIG
A certificated parachute rigger who applies for an additional type rating must pass
A) a written and practical test.
B) an oral and practical test.
C) a practical test.
7.
A44
RIG
When a certificated senior parachute rigger applies for an additional type rating, how many parachutes must he/she have packed?
A) At least 10 parachutes of each of 2 types in common use.
B) At least 20 parachutes of the type for which a rating is sought.
C) At least 100 parachutes of each of 2 types in common use.
8.
A44
RIG
A certificated senior parachute rigger who applies for an additional type rating must take which of the following tests?
A) Written test.
B) Practical test.
9.
A44
RIG
In addition to other qualifications, which requirement must be met by a member of an Armed Force of the United States who applies for a Master Parachute Rigger Certificate, and is not the holder of a Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate?
A) Pass a written test and, in addition, pass an oral and practical test on at least two parachutes in common use for each rating sought.
B) Pass a written, oral, and practical test for each rating sought.
C) Pass a written test with respect to two types of parachutes in common use.
10.
A44
RIG
How many of the following are included in the knowledge requirements for a Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate?
(1) The sections of FAR Part 65 that relate to parachute rigger certificates.
(2) The use of the parachute.
(3) The construction, packing, and maintenance of parachutes.
(4) The manufacturer's instructions relating to parachutes in common use.
A) 2.
B) 1.
C) 3.
11.
A44
RIG
Which of the following is not a requirement for issuance of a Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate to an applicant who is a civilian employee (parachute rigger) of an Armed Force of the United States?
A) Show evidence of having packed satisfactorily at least 20 parachutes of each type for which he/she seeks a rating.
B) Pass an oral and practical test, to the satisfaction of the FAA Administrator, showing his/her ability to pack and maintain at least one type of parachute in common use.
C) Present satisfactory documentary evidence that he/she is a civilian employee (parachute rigger) of an Armed Force of the United States.
12.
A44
RIG
(1) The requirements for a Master Parachute Rigger Certificate specify that an applicant shall have had at least 5 years of experience as a certificated senior parachute rigger.
(2) If not the holder of a Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate, an applicant for a Master Parachute Rigger Certificate must pass a written test.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
13.
A44
RIG
A senior parachute rigger, who had held a back type rating for 6 years, added seat and chest type ratings to the Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate on a given date. One month later, upon meeting the experience requirements for a master rigger, the senior rigger applied, was tested, and was issued a Master Parachute Rigger Certificate.
For what type ratings is the master parachute rigger eligible?
A) Back, chest, and seat types.
14.
A44
RIG
An applicant for a Master Parachute Rigger Certificate must have packed a minimum number of parachutes either as a senior rigger or under the supervision of which of the following?
A) Any certificated parachute rigger.
B) A certificated parachute rigger who holds the appropriate ratings or a person holding an appropriate military rating.
C) A certificated master parachute rigger who also holds a currently effective parachute instructor's certificate.
15.
A44
RIG
Which of the following is an eligibility requirement for a Master Parachute Rigger Certificate?
A) Be at least 18 years of age.
B) Be at least 21 years of age.
C) There is no minimum age requirement.
16.
A44
RIG
The FAA action to suspend or revoke a parachute rigger certificate may be based on
(1) false statements on an application for an airman certificate or rating.
(2) refusal to inspect, pack, and seal a parachute.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
17.
A44
RIG
How many parachutes must an applicant for a Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate show that he/she has packed?
A) 100 parachutes of each type for which a rating is sought.
B) 20 parachutes each of 2 types in common use.
C) 20 parachutes of each type for which a rating is sought.
18.
A44
RIG
Federal Aviation Regulations provide for the issuance of which type ratings for parachute riggers?
A) Seat, special purpose, back, and lap.
B) Chest, back, seat, and chair.
C) Back, lap, seat, and chest.
19.
A44
RIG
An applicant for a Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate must have packed a minimum number of parachutes under the supervision of which of the following?
A) Any certificated parachute rigger.
B) A person holding a currently effective parachute instructor's certificate.
C) A certificated and appropriately rated parachute rigger or a person holding an appropriate military rating.
20.
A44
RIG
In accordance with FAR Part 65, which statement shown below is an eligibility requirement for a Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate?
A) Must be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English language.
B) Must be eligible for at least a Third-Class Medical Certificate.
C) Must have packed at least 100 parachutes.
21.
A44
RIG
In addition to other qualifications, an applicant for a Master Parachute Rigger Certificate shall show evidence of having packed satisfactorily a minimum of
A) 100 parachutes of each of 2 types in common use.
B) 20 parachutes of each type for which a rating is desired.
C) 100 FAA-approved parachutes within the preceding 12 calendar months.
22.
A44
RIG
How many years experience (minimum) as a parachute rigger are required for an applicant to be eligible for a Master Parachute Rigger Certificate?
A) 2 years.
B) 3 years.
C) 5 years.
23.
A44
RIG
What is the minimum period of time an applicant for a Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate shall have served as a parachute rigger?
A) There is no minimum time period specified.
B) For at least 90 days within the preceding 12 months.
C) 2 years.
24.
A44
RIG
Which statement is correct in reference to the skill requirements for a Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate?
A) An applicant must demonstrate the ability to pack and maintain at least one type of parachute in common use.
B) An applicant must demonstrate the ability to pack and maintain at least two types of parachutes in common use.
C) An applicant who has a record of packing at least 20 parachutes of the type for which a rating is sought meets the skill requirements and is not required to take an oral and practical test.
25.
A44
RIG
Which of the following is privileged to perform alterations to the auxiliary canopy of a single harness dual parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping?
A) The owner of the parachute.
B) A certificated and appropriately rated master parachute rigger.
C) A certificated and appropriately rated senior parachute rigger.
26.
A44
RIG
A parachute rigger is required to present his/her certificate for inspection upon the request of
A) the owner of a parachute the rigger has packed.
B) any Federal, state, or local law enforcement officer.
C) a certificated pilot or flight instructor.
27.
A44
RIG
Who may pack the main parachute of a dual parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping?
A) An appropriately rated parachute rigger or the person who is to use the parachute.
B) Any person associated with use of the parachute for intentional jumping.
C) Only a certificated and appropriately rated parachute rigger.
28.
A44
RIG
(1) A senior parachute rigger may make minor harness repairs for the types of parachutes for which he/she is rated.
(2) A senior parachute rigger may alter the length of the bridle line that attaches the pilot chute to the canopy.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
29.
A44
RIG
Who may supervise other individuals in the proper methods and procedures of packing, maintaining, and altering parachutes?
A) A certificated master parachute rigger who holds the appropriate ratings.
B) A certificated senior parachute rigger who also holds a currently valid parachute instructor's certificate.
C) A certificated senior parachute rigger, but only for the types of parachutes for which he/she is rated.
30.
A44
RIG
Which of the following states the privileges of a Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate?
A) Maintain, pack, inspect, and perform alterations on any type of parachute for which he/she is rated.
B) Maintain, pack, inspect, and perform major and minor repairs on any type of parachute for which he/she is rated, and instruct other individuals to perform the same operations.
C) Pack and maintain (except for major repair) any type of parachute for which he/she is rated.
31.
A44
RIG
Who may pack, maintain, and alter a back-type parachute intended for emergency use in connection with civil aircraft?
A) A master parachute rigger or the parachute owner.
B) A certificated and appropriately rated senior parachute rigger.
C) A certificated and appropriately rated master parachute rigger.
32.
A44
RIG
According to FAR Part 65, which statement is an acceptable performance standard for senior parachute riggers?
A) Pack and alter any parachute if within the rigger's rating.
B) Perform duties under his/her certificate for at least 90 days within the preceding 12 months.
33.
A44
RIG
What are the privileges of a certificated senior parachute rigger, in addition to supervising other persons in packing any type of parachute for which he/she is rated?
A) May pack or maintain (except for major repair) any type of parachute for which he/she is rated.
B) May pack or maintain (except for major repairs) and perform alterations on any type of parachute for which he/she is rated.
C) May pack, maintain, inspect, and perform major and minor repairs on any type of parachute for which he/she is rated, and instruct others in performing these operations.
34.
A44
RIG
Which of the following may pack, maintain, and alter a chest-type parachute intended for emergency use in connection with civil aircraft?
A) A certificated and appropriately rated master parachute rigger.
B) A certificated and appropriately rated senior parachute rigger.
C) The owner of the parachute.
35.
A44
RIG
Select the correct statement regarding the privileges of a certificated parachute rigger.
A) When packing the main parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping, all packing operations shall be conducted in a certificated parachute facility rated for packing and general maintenance.
B) There are no regulatory requirements that must be followed when packing the auxiliary parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping.
C) When packing the main parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping, a certificated parachute rigger is not required to keep a record of the packing or to seal the pack.
36.
A13
RIG
An Airworthiness Directive is issued for a product when
A) an unsafe condition exists in a product and likely exists in products of the same design.
B) the manufacturer determines that packing and service instructions are inadequate.
C) it has been determined that a product failure caused a fatality.
37.
A13
RIG
A certificated parachute rigger may not pack and seal a parachute to which an Airworthiness Directive applies unless
A) the conditions stated in the Airworthiness Directive allow further operation.
B) a Master Rigger approves all deviations to conditions in the Airworthness Directive.
C) the unit is a reserve parachute.
38.
A44
RIG
Many modern high-speed aircraft are equipped with drag chutes which are deployed upon landing to slow the aircraft. Which of the following may pack, rig, and approve for return to service this type parachute?
A) A certificated mechanic with an airframe rating.
B) The pilot or owner of the aircraft.
C) A master parachute rigger.
39.
P37
RIG
Regulations require an authorized person who performs alterations to parachutes to keep a record of certain alterations. Which of the following must be recorded?
Altering the
1. main parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack.
2. harness of a single harness dual parachute pack.
3. auxiliary parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack.
4. auxiliary parachute container of a single harness dual parachute pack.
5. main parachute container of a single harness dual parachute pack.
A) 1, 2, 3.
B) 2, 3, 4.
C) 3, 4, 5.
40.
A44
RIG
Which of the following is a requirement a parachute rigger must meet in order to exercise the privileges of his/her certificate?
A) Performed duties under his/her certificate within the preceding 90 days.
B) Packed at least 20 parachutes within the preceding 90 days.
C) Has demonstrated to the FAA Administrator that he/she is able to perform those duties.
41.
P37
RIG
Who may install Capewell fasteners (for a main back pack) on a single harness dual parachute pack?
A) Master parachute rigger.
B) Military rated parachute rigger.
C) Person using the parachute for intentional jumping.
42.
P37
RIG
Which of the following repairs may be made by a senior parachute rigger?
A) Replace a damaged ripcord housing with a factory unit.
B) Sew a lift web to the links.
C) Sew a tear that has crossed a radial seam.
43.
A100
RIG
Data necessary for the issuance of an Airworthiness Directive shall be submitted by
A) the FAA Engineering and Manufacturing Branch.
B) the parachute manufacturer.
C) Senior and Master Parachute Rigger
44.
A44
RIG
In relation to a dual parachute pack used for intentional jumping, which of the following may be accomplished by the person who intends to use the parachute?
A) Packing the main parachute.
B) Packing, maintaining, or altering the main parachute.
C) Packing the main parachute or the auxiliary parachute.
45.
L90
RIG
Which of the following Federal Aviation Regulations should the parachute rigger be knowledgeable of?
A) FAR Parts 63 and 145.
B) FAR Parts 65 and 105.
46.
L90
RIG
From the list below, identify the repairs that cannot be approved by a senior parachute rigger.
1. Place suspension lines in proper sequence on a removable connector link.
2. Replace a damaged suspension line.
3. Replace a canopy panel.
4. Replace pack opening bands.
5. Replace D-rings on the parachute harness.
6. Replace pack cones or grommets.
A) 1, 3, 6.
B) 2, 3, 5.
C) 4, 5, 6.
47.
C01
RIG
What Federal Aviation Regulation prescribes rules for intentional parachute jumping?
A) FAR Part 65.
B) FAR Part 91.
C) FAR Part 105.
48.
A44
RIG
(1) After packing a parachute intended for emergency use, a certificated parachute rigger is required to seal each pack in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations for that type of parachute.
(2) The identifying mark (seal symbol) used to seal a pack is issued by the manufacturer of the specific parachute.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
49.
A44
RIG
You have received your Senior Parachute Rigger Certificate within the last 30 days. If you are requested to pack a parachute under the privileges of your certificate, and you hold the proper rating,
A) you may pack the parachute because you have performed duties under your certificate for 30 days within the previous 12 months.
B) you may pack the parachute because you have shown the FAA Administrator you are able to perform those duties.
C) you may not pack the parachute.
50.
A44
RIG
The packing, maintaining, or altering of a parachute must be performed following the procedures
A) prescribed in FAR Part 65.
B) approved by the FAA Administrator or the parachute manufacturer.
C) contained in TSO-C23b.
51.
A44
RIG
Which of the following statements is true concerning the minimum facilities and equipment required for a parachute rigger to pack the main parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping?
A) The facilities and equipment requirements of the FAR's do not apply in this instance.
B) The packing must be done in a parachute facility rated for general maintenance, minor repair, canopy overhaul.
C) The packing may be done outside a properly equipped facility only by an appropriately rated master parachute rigger.
52.
A44
RIG
Who may pack the main parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping?
A) Only an appropriately certificated and type-rated parachute rigger.
B) Any person associated with use of the parachute for intentional jumping.
C) Any certificated parachute rigger or the person who is to use the parachute.
53.
A44
RIG
Which of the following may pack, maintain, or alter the harness, auxiliary parachute, or auxiliary parachute container of a single harness dual parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping?
A) An appropriately certificated and type-rated parachute rigger.
B) Any certificated parachute rigger or the person who is to use the parachute.
C) Any person associated with use of the parachute for intentional jumping.
54.
A44
RIG
Which statement applies regarding the packing of the main parachute of a dual parachute pack when the parachute is to be used for intentional jumping?
A) The facilities and equipment, performance standards, records, and seal attachment requirements of FAR Part 65 do not apply in this situation.
B) The parachute rigger must have performed duties under his/her certificate for at least 90 days within the preceding 12 months.
C) The parachute rigger shall maintain a record of each parachute packed for at least 2 years.
55.
A44
RIG
Who may maintain or alter the main parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping?
A) The person who is to use the parachute.
B) An appropriately certificated parachute rigger.
56.
A44
RIG
Which of the following may alter the auxiliary parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack?
A) The owner of the parachute.
B) A certificated master parachute rigger.
C) The person who intends to use the parachute.
57.
A44
RIG
How many of the following may alter the auxiliary parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack?
(1) The owner of the parachute.
(2) The person who is to use the parachute.
(3) A certificated senior parachute rigger.
A) None.
B) One.
C) Two.
58.
A44
RIG
(1) A senior parachute rigger may alter the length of the bridle line that attaches the pilot chute to the apex of the canopy.
(2) Worn or damaged harness webbing may be replaced by a senior parachute rigger if the necessary equipment is available.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Neither No. 1 nor No. 2 is true.
59.
A44
RIG
If requested to pack a parachute intended for emergency use, in a manner other than the manufacturer's approved method, what should a certificated rigger do?
A) Pack the parachute in the manner requested and drop test it to determine if the rate of opening is acceptable.
B) Request the local FAA inspector to approve the deviations from the manufacturer's approved method.
C) Refuse to pack the parachute in the manner requested.
60.
A44
RIG
What facilities and equipment are required for a certificated parachute rigger to pack the main parachute of a dual parachute pack to be used by him/her for intentional jumping?
A) Facilities for airing and drying.
B) Adequate housing facilities to perform his/her duties.
C) None.
61.
A44
RIG
What is the lead seal identifying mark used for?
A) To seal a parachute pack.
B) To show if the pack has been opened.
C) To identify a certificated parachute rigger.
62.
A44
RIG
Federal Aviation Regulations require a parachute rigger to keep a record of the packing, maintenance, and alteration performed or supervised by him/her. Identify the items required to be entered in the record.
1. Retirement date of parachute.
2. Date parachute was manufactured.
3. Name and address of parachute owner.
4. Type, make, and serial number of the parachute.
5. Date when and place where the work was performed.
A) 1, 2, 3.
B) 2, 3, 4.
C) 3, 4, 5.
63.
A44
RIG
According to FAR Part 65, when exercising certificate privileges, a parachute rigger must have available suitable housing that is adequately heated, lighted, and ventilated
A) and is high enough to allow a parachute to be hung vertically for drying and airing.
B) and has provisions for adjusting and controlling the humidity.
C) for drying and airing parachutes.
64.
A44
RIG
A certificated parachute rigger shall not exercise the privilege of his/her certificate and type ratings unless he/she understands the current manufacturer's instructions for the operation involved and
A) has satisfactorily packed not less than 20 parachutes within the preceding 90 days.
B) has performed duties under his/her certificate for at least 90 days within the preceding 12 months.
C) has performed duties under his/her certificate within the preceding 90 days.
65.
A44
RIG
During the inspection of a parachute intended for emergency use, a certificated senior parachute rigger finds a canopy section which shows evidence of weakness or damage. What procedure should be followed?
A) Contact the local FAA inspector for disposition instructions.
B) Refuse to pack the parachute in that condition.
66.
A44
RIG
In the exercise of your privileges as a certificated parachute rigger, you may be requested to present your certificate for inspection. Regulations do not require you to comply with such a request from which of the following?
A) The FAA Administrator or an authorized representative of the National Transportation Safety Board.
B) Any state or local law enforcement officer.
C) A certificated flight instructor.
67.
A44
RIG
When packing the main parachute of a dual parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping, a certificated parachute rigger
A) must have performed duties under his/her certificate for at least 90 days within the preceding 12 months.
B) shall keep a record of each parachute packed for at least 2 years.
C) need not comply with the facilities, equipment, performance standards, records, and seal requirements of FAR Part 65.
68.
A44
RIG
A person who is authorized to perform alterations to parachutes must record which of the following alterations to a single harness dual parachute pack?
1. The main parachute.
2. The harness.
3. The auxiliary parachute.
4. The auxiliary parachute container.
5. The main parachute container.
A) 1, 2, 3.
B) 2, 3, 4.
C) 3, 4, 5.
69.
A44
RIG
When required each parachute rigger shall keep a record of packing, maintenance, and alterations performed or supervised. From the following, identify that which is not a required part of the record:
A) The date when and the place where the work was performed.
B) The parachute rigger's seal symbol.
C) The type, make, and serial number of the parachute.
70.
A44
RIG
An authorized person who performs alterations to one of the following is not required by regulation to keep a record of the alterations.
A) The main parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack.
B) The harness of a single harness dual parachute pack.
C) The auxiliary parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack
71.
A44
RIG
If a parachute rigger has not performed duties under his/her certificate within the last 12 months, he/she must
A) review the manufacturer's instructions prior to packing a parachute for use.
B) pack a parachute of the appropriate type under the supervision of a master parachute rigger before exercising the privileges of his/her certificate.
C) show the FAA Administrator that he/she is able to satisfactorily perform the duties for which he/she is rated.
72.
A44
RIG
After packing a parachute, a rigger shall enter which of the following on the packing record attached to the parachute?
A) The date, the rigger's certificate number, and his/her seal symbol.
B) The rigger's certificate number and signature, the date and place of packing, and a notation of any defects found upon inspection.
C) The rigger's signature, the date, and the place of packing.
73.
A44
RIG
How long must a parachute rigger retain a record of parachute packing, maintenance, and alterations?
A) For at least 2 years after the disposal of the parachute.
B) For at least 2 years after the date of record.
C) For at least 1 year after completion of the work.
74.
P37
RIG
Which of the following repairs can be approved by a certificated senior parachute rigger?
1. Replacing a grommet.
2. Cleaning a stained harness.
3. Replacing suspension lines.
4. Arranging suspension lines in proper sequence on a separable link.
5. Repairing a lateral band.
6. Replacing an apex cap.
A) 2, 3, 5.
B) 1, 2, 4.
C) 5, 4, 6.
75.
P59
RIG
What do the Federal Aviation Regulations consider to be the service life of a parachute?
A) As long as it is in condition for safe operation.
B) 5 years.
C) 7 years.
76.
P37
RIG
(1) If a drop test is required to determine the serviceability of a canopy, a certificated senior parachute rigger may perform the drop test.
(2) A senior parachute rigger may replace pack opening elastic or spring bands.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
77.
L90
RIG
(1) Worn or damaged harness webbing may be replaced by a certificated senior parachute rigger, providing the necessary equipment is available.
(2) The replacement of a damaged suspension line is a minor repair.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Neither No. 1 nor No. 2 is true.
78.
L90
RIG
(1) The replacement of a damaged suspension line is a minor repair.
(2) A senior parachute rigger may make minor repairs to harnesses for the type of parachutes for which he/she is rated.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
79.
L90
RIG
(1) The replacement of a damaged suspension line is a major repair.
(2) A master parachute rigger may make major repairs to harnesses for the type of parachutes for which he/she is rated.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
80.
L90
RIG
If a tear continued across a radial seam of an auxiliary pack canopy, who is authorized to make the repair?
A) A master parachute rigger.
B) A senior parachute rigger with an appropriate rating.
C) The user of the parachute.
81.
L90
RIG
During the assembly of approved parachute components, if a conflict arises between the canopy manufacturer's instruction's and the container manufacturer's instructions how should the rigger proceed? Precedence should be given to the
A) intended use of the assemble.
B) canopy manufacturer's instructions.
C) container manufacturer's instructions.
82.
P37
RIG
(1) Worn or damaged harness webbing may be replaced by a certificated senior parachute rigger, providing he/she has the necessary equipment.
(2) The replacement of a damaged suspension line is classified as a major repair.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
83.
L90
RIG
Identify those persons who may alter the main parachute of a single harness dual parachute pack.
1. The manufacturer.
2. The owner of the parachute.
3. A senior parachute rigger.
4. A master parachute rigger.
5. A person holding an appropriate military rating.
6. Any other manufacturer that the Administrator considers to be competent.
A) 1, 2, 3.
B) 2, 4, 5.
C) 1, 4, 6.
84.
P37
RIG
(1) When sealing a pack, the lead seal should be positioned over the safety-tie threads and securely compressed.
(2) Manufacturers' instructions require the replacement of all harness tacking each time a parachute is packed.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
85.
P37
RIG
After inserting the ripcord pins in the locking cones on a back-type parachute, the pack is sealed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions using low tensile strength thread to tie the
A) top pin.
B) center pin.
C) last pin.
86.
P39
RIG
When packing a parachute with harness attached, you find the canopy, suspension lines, and harness twisted and tangled. Which of the following should be accomplished first?
A) Determine that the canopy is right side out.
B) Remove the twists and tangles in the suspension lines nearest the canopy.
C) Remove the twists and tangles in the suspension lines nearest the harness.
87.
P39
RIG
What action should be taken prior to opening a parachute pack that has been presented for repacking?
A) Perform a compressed pack test.
B) Inspect the exterior of the pack for signs of stains and wear points.
C) Have the parachute drop-tested to determine if the canopy material meets the strength requirements of TSO-C23b.
88.
P39
RIG
When laying out a seat or back-type parachute for packing, how should the harness be placed with reference to body position of the wearer?
A) Face up with the head toward the canopy.
B) Face up with the head away from the canopy.
C) Face down with the head toward the canopy.
89.
P39
RIG
The first step in preparing a parachute for packing is to lay the parachute full length on a packing table and
A) hook to tension devices and add mild tension.
B) replace the ripcord handle in its pocket.
C) untie the suspension lines.
90.
P39
RIG
In preparation for packing a parachute, the apex must be checked to ensure that it is
A) open.
B) closed.
C) straight.
91.
P39
RIG
When packing a parachute, you find the suspension lines twisted and tangled. Which of the following should be accomplished first?
A) Remove the twists and tangles beginning with the apex and working down to the harness.
B) Remove the twists and tangles from the lines nearest the harness.
C) Follow the suspension lines from connector link to connector link.
92.
P39
RIG
In the process of packing a parachute, the apex is generally released from the table prior to which of the following operations?
A) Pleating the gores.
B) Accordion-folding the canopy.
C) Straightening the top lateral band.
93.
P39
RIG
Which group of suspension lines is connected to the inboard end of the riser connector links (28-foot canopy)?
A) Lines 1, 14, 15, and 28.
B) Lines 1, 6, 12, and 28.
C) Lines 1, 7, 13, and 20.
94.
P39
RIG
The stowage location for the first bight of suspension lines is determined by
A) TSO-C23b.
B) length of risers.
C) packing instructions.
95.
P39
RIG
To facilitate suspension line pullout, the lines should be stowed so that they extend through the retainer loop
A) only to the edge of loop.
B) not more than 1/2 inch.
C) according to manufacturer's instructions.
96.
P39
RIG
After a parachute has been stretched to its full length on the packing table, the next step in the packing procedure is to
A) remove the twists from the harness and suspension lines.
B) attach the connector links to the tension hooks.
C) assure that canopy is right side out.
97.
P39
RIG
Which of the following checks cannot be made after the parachute has been packed and sealed?
A) Condition of vent collar.
B) Condition of safety thread on ripcord locking pin.
C) Security of ripcord housing.
98.
P39
RIG
When packing a parachute, what determines the width of the canopy folds?
A) The width of the suspension line channels.
B) The diameter of the canopy.
C) The width of the pack or deployment bag.
99.
P37
RIG
How is a back-type parachute pack sealed?
A) By tying the pin farthest from the grip, with low tensile strength thread, and attaching a lead seal.
B) By tying the top and bottom pins with low tensile strength thread, and attaching a lead seal.
C) By tying the pin nearest the grip with low tensile strength thread, and attaching a lead seal.
100.
P39
RIG
A shot bag is placed over the suspension lines during the gore-folding process in order to
A) give tension on the apex.
B) hold the canopy folds in position.
C) keep the lines in their holders.
101.
A44
RIG
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the seal and safety tie?
A) Hold the pins in place.
B) For the protection of the rigger.
C) For the protection of the user.
102.
P39
RIG
When packing a parachute, after the right and left-hand gores have been properly folded, both groups of gores should be folded once
A) over the center of the canopy.
B) toward the upper lateral band.
C) toward the lower lateral band.
103.
P39
RIG
When preparing a 28-foot chest canopy for folding, after the suspension lines have been equally divided between the left and right sides, where will the gore which contains the manufacturer's data be located if the canopy is laid out properly?
A) On the top between suspension lines 7 and 8.
B) On the bottom between suspension lines 13 and 14.
C) On the top between suspension lines 1 and 28.
104.
P39
RIG
Select the tool used to make the folds in the canopy and to smooth out the pack.
A) Tension hooks.
B) Packing paddles.
C) Fids.
105.
P39
RIG
If both right and left groups of gores have been folded properly, how many gores cross the suspension lines?
A) None.
B) Two.
C) Four.
106.
P39
RIG
Select the drawing from Figure 5 that shows the correct rotation of the suspension lines on the connector links of a 24-foot, four-link canopy.
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
107.
A44
RIG
After inserting the ripcord pins in a back-type parachute, the pack is sealed
A) by tying all of the pins with low tensile strength thread.
B) by tying the top pin with low tensile strength thread.
C) in accordance with the manufacturer's packing instructions.
108.
P33
RIG
What is used to hold the canopy and suspension lines in place during packing?
A) Shot bags.
B) Tension hooks.
C) Fids.
109.
P33
RIG
A suspension line hook is used to
A) lift web connector to suspension lines.
B) stow suspension lines.
C) push the suspension lines into container.
110.
C03
RIG
A nylon back-type parachute intended for emergency use should be completely inspected and repacked at the end of
A) 60 days.
B) 90 days.
C) 120 days.
111.
A44
RIG
After packing a parachute, how does a certificated parachute rigger seal each pack?
A) The safety tie is sealed with the rigger's individual seal in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
B) The pin farthest from the ripcord handle is tied with high visibility red cotton safety thread (Mil-T-5668) in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
C) The safety tie is sealed with the seal symbol issued by the parachute manufacturer.
112.
A44
RIG
Inspection of a parachute reveals a canopy section which shows evidence of weakness or damage. The parachute rigger conducting the inspection shall
A) pack the parachute in the normal manner, but place a rejection tag in a conspicuous location on the pack.
B) contact the local FAA inspector for disposition instructions.
C) refuse to pack the parachute.
113.
A44
RIG
(1) After packing a parachute intended for emergency use, a rigger is required to seal the pack.
(2) The identifying mark used to seal a pack is issued by the parachute manufacturer.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
114.
A44
RIG
If you receive a parachute for packing and find it is not airworthy, what steps should be taken?
A) Pack the parachute, place a 6-inch red 'X' on the container, and notify the owner.
B) Notify local FAA officials and dispose of the parachute as advised.
C) Do not pack the parachute.
115.
P33
RIG
After closing the pack, the ripcord is inserted and the ends of the pack are dressed out by
A) hand.
B) a packing paddle.
116.
P58
RIG
When packing a ram-air canopy, if the leading edge of the canopy is folded inward and rolled tightly to the second line, how will the canopy perform?
A) It will inflate faster.
B) It will open softer.
C) It is less likely to snivel.
117.
P58
RIG
Which could alleviate a hard opening ram-air canopy?
A) Roll packing the canopy.
B) Installing a smaller slider.
C) Packing the canopy with a split nose.
118.
P40
RIG
A suspension line twist is an entanglement in which the lines are
A) around the canopy.
B) through the harness.
C) twisted due to the rotation of the suspended load.
119.
P39
RIG
Ram-air or square parachute canopies are easily inspected
A) when laid out on a packing table.
B) when suspended by trailing edge.
C) with the lines attached to the ceiling and trailing edge anchored to a sliding table.
120.
P59
RIG
When packing a ram-air parachute if the lines are not properly straightened, what malfunction could occur?
A) Locked bag.
B) End cell closure.
C) Line - over.
121.
A44
RIG
How long should a parachute be aired prior to packing?
A) 4 hours, provided the parachute is not damp or wet.
B) At least 8 hours.
C) Until the parachute is thoroughly dry.
122.
P33
RIG
After hanging a parachute in a loft, you find the suspension lines will not clear the floor. What is the recommended procedure to follow?
A) Lay excess length of lines on a table.
B) Chain the lines.
C) Leave the excess length of lines in the retainer loops.
123.
P36
RIG
Which operation should be performed first when fitting a parachute harness to the wearer?
A) Position the sling under the buttocks to form a seat.
B) Adjust the back straps.
C) Place the chest strap approximately 4 inches below the chin and adjust the shoulder adapters.
124.
Y60
RIG
Before installation on a parachute assembly, a ripcord must withstand a minimum load of at least
A) 300 pounds.
B) 22 pounds.
C) 150 pounds.
125.
Y60
RIG
The pull required to cause the positive and quick operation of the pack opening device shall not exceed
A) 12 pounds.
B) 18 pounds.
C) 22 pounds.
126.
P37
RIG
What is the purpose of naphthalene flakes when used in storage areas?
A) Provide rodent protection.
B) Provide mildew protection.
127.
P38
RIG
What happens to the pilot chute of a square main canopy that has fully opened?
A) It remains inflated.
B) It trails behind the main canopy.
C) It drops through the vent and hangs inside the canopy.
128.
P59
RIG
Ram-air canopies of what aspect ratio receive the greatest benefit from stabilizer panels?
A) Low.
B) Medium.
C) High.
129.
P37
RIG
Which of the following would be a satisfactory method of storing a nylon parachute for an extended period of time (6 months)?
A) The parachute should be aired, packed, and stored in a parachute-carrying bag.
B) The parachute should be stored in a packed condition in a sealed cellophane bag.
C) The parachute should be stored in an unpacked condition in a dry place and protected from the Sun's rays.
130.
P38
RIG
A ram-air canopy
(1) has an upper surface, airfoil shaped ribs, and a rectangular platform.
(2) having a high aspect ratio, has a short cord and a long span.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
131.
P36
RIG
What are the principal functions of the ripcord housing?
A) Hold the pack cover and pilot chute flap in place.
B) Protect the ripcord cable from accidental release.
C) Make the ripcord easier to pull and hold it in position after pack opening.
132.
P58
RIG
The purpose of stabilizer panels in a square parachute is to
A) stabilize canopy surge during deployment.
B) reduce initial deployment by reefing the canopy.
C) reduce wing tip vortices.
133.
P36
RIG
How far must the ripcord pins normally be pulled to unlock the pack?
A) 1/2 inch.
B) 1-1\4 inch.
C 2 inches.
134.
P57
RIG
Crossports are usually located between A-B and B-C line attachment points, this area provides
A) delayed onset of stall.
B) the least strength degradation.
C) the best air flow through the canopy.
135.
P38
RIG
Why should the elasticity of a seam or stitching be slightly greater than that of the fabric it joins?
A) To minimize abrasion and wear of the thread from contact with other parts of the parachute assembly.
B) So that the material will support its share of the expected load.
C) To assure balanced seam construction that has the neatness in appearance to match adjacent seams.
136.
P38
RIG
The amount of time required for a round canopy to fill with air is not affected by which of the following factors?
A) Bias construction of the canopy.
B) Vent size and arrangement.
C) Distribution of porosity.
137.
P37
RIG
A common term used in rigging parachutes is 'chaining', which denotes the
A) method of temporarily gathering the suspension lines for convenience in handling.
B) weighting of the skirt hem when hanging a canopy for drying.
C) method of closing some packs.
138.
P39
RIG
How can sunlight damage to white nylon canopy fabric be identified?
A) Moisten an area with distilled water and test using blue litmus paper.
B) When viewed under an ultraviolet light, the fabric will have a white fluorescence.
C) Moisten an area with distilled water and test using red litmus paper.
139.
P40
RIG
A line-over is the term used when one or more suspension lines
A) cross on the raisers.
B) are twisted.
C) pass over the inflated canopy.
140.
P37
RIG
Suspension line breakage in ram-air canopies most often occurs at what line position?
A) The leading edge outboard.
B) The trailing edge mid-canopy.
C) The leading edge center line.
141.
P39
RIG
How can you detect the presence of acid on parachute fabrics?
A) By sight.
B) By the use of litmus paper.
C) By drop testing the parachute.
142.
P38
RIG
When trimming a ram-air canopy, what flight characteristic is enhanced by pitching the nose down?
A) Glide.
B) Stability.
C) Rate of turn.
143.
P40
RIG
When one or more of the suspension lines pass over the top of the canopy during deployment, it is referred to as
A) a streamer.
B) a line over.
C) a partial inversion.
144.
P37
RIG
Ram-air or square parachute steering line damage is usually caused by friction
(1) in slider grommets and guide rings.
(2) during deployment and packing.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
145.
P37
RIG
Stabilizer panel burns on a square or ram-air parachute are usually the result of
A) extended storage in an unventilated area.
B) poor packing.
C) improper attachment during manufacture.
146.
P38
RIG
The leading edge of a square parachute is open in order to
A) reduce surge on opening.
B) maintain directional control.
C) maintain the shape of the canopy.
147.
P40
RIG
A deployment bag is used
A) to protect the canopy after canopy deployment.
B) to delay canopy filling until suspension lines are deployed.
C) to allow the canopy to fill before the suspension lines are deployed.
148.
P38
RIG
What is meant by the phrase 'opening shock'?
A) The force exerted on the pilot chute when it ejects from the pack.
B) The force applied as the suspension lines pay out of their retainers.
C) The force exerted on the jumper when the canopy inflates.
149.
P37
RIG
Which of the following chemicals should be used to prevent a parachute from mildewing while in storage?
A) Ammonia.
B) Naphthalene.
C) Methylene Chloride.
150.
P54
RIG
What component of a ram-air canopy assembly induces the greatest amount of parasitic drag?
A) Canopy skin.
B) Suspension lines.
C) Leading edge openings.
151.
P57
RIG
Which of the following would NOT induce a persistent turn in a ram-air canopy?
A) improper packing.
B) replacing a line of improper length.
C) a short steering line.
152.
P37
RIG
A crossport tear in a ram-air or square parachute may
A) cause complete failure if not repaired.
B) put a turn in the canopy.
C) result in total inability to control during descent.
153.
P36
RIG
What is the purpose of the pack-opening bands?
A) To pull the container flaps apart.
B) To aid ripcord deployment.
C) When packed, holds the pilot chute in place.
154.
P38
RIG
What is the reason for leaving slack in the fabric between attachment points of suspension lines on a block constructed canopy?
A) Increases the canopy maximum opening velocity.
B) Reduces strain on canopy during opening shock.
C) Reduces canopy fill time and increase total volume.
155.
P38
RIG
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the radial seam used in a bias-constructed canopy?
A) The seam has two rows of stitching on each side of the channel that encloses the suspension line.
B) The seam has a single row of stitching on each side of the channel that encloses the suspension line.
C) The seam is sewed with a single row of zigzag stitching.
156.
P38
RIG
What type knot is generally used to fasten the pilot chute to the bridle line?
A) Half-hitch.
B) Bowline.
C) Clove hitch.
157.
P38
RIG
The free ends of the nylon cord used for tacking the lift web in Figure 1 are secured by a
A) half-hitch and a square knot.
B) clove hitch and a surgeon's knot.
C) surgeon's knot and a single overhand lock knot.
158.
P38
RIG
Which of the seams illustrated in Figure 12 is an English fell seam? (Cross section shown.)
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
159.
P38
RIG
Figure 14 is a cross section of a series of machine sewn stitches. The type of stitch is
A) a zigzag stitch.
B) a lock stitch.
C) a chain stitch.
160.
P38
RIG
'Porosity,' as used in parachute terminology, is expressed in terms of the
A) rate of airflow through the canopy.
B) rate of descent.
C) weight of cloth per square yard.
161.
P38
RIG
What is one advantage of bias construction of parachute canopies?
A) Lessens the weight of the parachute.
B) Decreases the bulk of the parachute.
C) Provides additional strength.
162.
P38
RIG
Which of the stitching in Figure 3 illustrates a correctly folded and stitched seam? (Shown in cross section.)
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
163.
P38
RIG
Traditionally in square parachutes, the warp yarns run
A) spanwise.
B) chordwise.
C) on the bias.
164.
P38
RIG
Select the statement which correctly refers to the assembly of the suspension lines and canopy (standard-type parachute).
A) The suspension lines are enclosed in channels which are produced by the diagonal seam stitching.
B) The suspension lines are enclosed in channels which are produced by the radial seam stitching, and the entire length of each line is lock stitched to the canopy.
C) The suspention lines are enclosed in channels which are produced by the radial seam stitching.
165.
P38
RIG
Why is zigzag stitching used to complete the attachment of suspension lines to the riser links?
A) It is stronger than other types of stitching.
B) It allows for more stitches per linear inch than other types of stitching.
C) It allows elongation of the suspension line without over stressing the thread.
166.
P38
RIG
Hand tacking should be tied off with what kind of knot?
A) A bowline knot.
B) A surgeon's knot and a locking knot.
C) A square knot and a bowline knot.
167.
P38
RIG
What two types of stitching are normally used in the manufacture and maintenance of parachutes?
A) Chain stitch and hand stitch.
B) Chain stitch and blind stitch.
C) Lock stitch and hand stitch.
168.
P38
RIG
Which of the following has the least effect on the overall strength of a sewn seam?
A) Stitching pattern and number of stitches.
B) Type of seam used and seam construction.
C) Moisture content of the fabric at the time of sewing.
169.
P38
RIG
What affects the strength of a sewed seam?
A) Thread tension and stitches per inch.
B) Seam efficiency of the material and the type of seam.
C) Both of the above.
170.
P37
RIG
Which stitching shown in Figure 7 illustrates a correctly folded and stitched radial seam? (Shown in cross section.)
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
171.
P38
RIG
Which type of machine stitch is used most frequently in the repair and maintenance of parachutes?
A) Lock stitch.
B) Chain stitch.
C) Overedge stitch.
172.
P38
RIG
Which of the seams illustrated in Figure 11 is a French fell seam?
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
173.
P40
RIG
A bias-cut canopy is one in which
A) all seams are biased.
B) the canopy hem and vent hem are parallel to the selvage edge of the material in the gore.
C) the threads in the panel segments are 45 degrees to the centerline of the gore.
174.
P56
RIG
Reserve closing loops are sewn together with what type stitch?
A) Straight (301).
B) Zigzag (308).
C) Bartack (392).
175.
L90
RIG
The term 'backpack or chestpack' refers to the parachute assembly, less the
A) reserve parachute.
B) harness.
176.
L90
RIG
When combining components certificated under TSO-C23b and TSO-C23c, which component is the limiting factor for speed and weight?
A) Canopy.
B) Container.
C) Harness.
177.
P34
RIG
Select the term which is applicable to the material threads indicated by 'A' in the drawing of Figure 2.
A) Warp.
B) Fill.
C) Selvage.
178.
P34
RIG
'Ripstop' is a term commonly used to describe
A) webbing material.
B) canopy material.
C) canvas material.
179.
P34
RIG
Which of the fittings illustrated in Figure 6 has the greatest tensile strength?
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
180.
P34
RIG
Which of the following pull forces on a nylon hook and pile fastener installation is the strongest?
A) Peel, lengthwise.
B) Curved shear, lengthwise.
C) Straight shear, lengthwise.
181.
P34
RIG
Warp threads are those that run
A) the length of a seam.
B) the length of a bolt of material.
C) across the width of a bolt of material.
182.
P36
RIG
Nylon tubular webbing is commonly used in which of the following parachute parts?
A) Canopy lower lateral band.
B) Pilot chute bridle line.
C) Harness straps.
183.
P36
RIG
How is the outside covering of the parachute container provided with the necessary elasticity?
A) By constructing it of nylon fabric.
B) By joining all seams using a zigzag stitch.
C) By cutting the covering in one piece on the bias.
184.
P36
RIG
Normally, ripcord cables are manufactured of
A) Monel metal wire.
B) stainless steel 3\32-inch aircraft cable
C) galvanizen carbon steel cable.
185.
P37
RIG
The loose end of webbing used in a parachute harness should be secured by
A) turning back three times and machine sewing.
B) searing and hand sewing.
C) turning back three times and securing with a surgeon's knot.
186.
P37
RIG
How many rows of stitches extend the entire length of the radial seam on a continuous line canopy?
A) Two.
B) Four.
C) Six.
187.
P38
RIG
Identify the type of stitch formed when two needle threads pass through the material in the same perforation from opposite directions without interlacing or interlooping.
A) Lock stitch.
B) Chain stitch.
C) Running stitch.
188.
P37
RIG
Identify the stitching in Figure 8 which illustrates the correct stitching pattern for attaching the connector link to the lift web.
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
189.
P40
RIG
Which of the following statements is correct in reference to the construction of a gore as used in a bias-constructed type parachute canopy?
A) Each gore is a single piece of fabric cut perpendicular to the centerline of the gore.
B) Each gore is composed of sections cut at a 45 degree angle to the centerline of the gore.
C) Each gore is a single piece of fabric cut at a 45 degree angle to the centerline of the gore.
190.
P37
RIG
At what point in the assembly of a parachute system should the ripcord pocket be secured to the harness?
A) Just before the canopy is packed.
B) After the canopy is packed.
C) Before the pack is attached to the harness.
191.
P37
RIG
A rubber vent collar ring is capable of
A) holding the vent closed, especially during opening shock.
B) stretching to the diameter of the vent hem.
192.
P37
RIG
On four-link canopies, the suspension lines are secured to the connector links using a
A) clove hitch and a half-hitch.
B) bowline and a clove hitch.
C) bowline and a half-hitch.
193.
P37
RIG
Where are the suspension lines attached to the gores to prevent the canopy from slipping along the lines?
A) Along the radial seams.
B) Along the diagonal seams.
C) Along both the radial and diagonal seams.
194.
P37
RIG
Select the knot in Figure 4 which shows a correct method for attaching suspension lines on a four-link canopy to a connector link. (Knots are shown expanded for clarity.)
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
195.
P37
RIG
What prevents an auxiliary pack canopy from collapsing if one connector snap is not secured or pulls out of the harness 'D-ring' when the canopy is deployed?
A) The cross connector strap.
B) The connector links.
C) The breast strap.
196.
P37
RIG
Dacron control lines are desirable for ram-air canopies because
A) they stretch less than kevlar lines.
B) they are easier to install.
C) they resist guide ring abrasions better than kevlar lines.
197.
P38
RIG
The elasticity of a properly constructed seam or stitching depends upon which of the following?
A) Thread strength and elasticity.
B) Seam type and thread elasticity.
C) Stitch type and thread elasticity.
198.
P38
RIG
(1) The elasticity of a seam or stitching should be slightly less than the material which it joins.
(2) The elasticity of a seam or stitching depends upon the stitch type and the thread elasticity.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
A) Only No. 1 is true.
B) Only No. 2 is true.
C) Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
199.
P36
RIG
Give one reason for properly attaching the ripcord housing to the parachute pack.
A) It is required by TSO-C23b.
B) To increase the ripcord pull force.
C) Helps retain the locking pins in their loops.
Продолжение - в слудующем сообщении
И много у тебя формаций больше 50-ти человек? А меньше - так ты уберать должен, по идее, а не готовиться запутываться Отмазка про завязывание забита уже купольщиками